@misc{taix-ray-2026,
  title = {A comprehensive bedside chest radiography dataset with structured, itemized and graded radiologic reports},
  author = {Daniel Truhn and Daniel Geiger and Robert Siepmann and Marc Sebastian von der Stück and Keno Kyrill Bressem and Jakob Nikolas Kather and Christiane Kuhl and Gustav Müller-Franzes and Sven Nebelung},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Scientific Data},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-026-07271-7},
  note = {依据Scientific Data开放全文、Hugging Face官方数据集和作者代码；结构化标签在日常报告中采集，但数据描述研究本身为单中心回顾性资源，故锁定为E1而非E4。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-026-07271-7}
}

@misc{padchest-2020,
  title = {PadChest: A large chest x-ray image dataset with multi-label annotated reports},
  author = {Aurelia Bustos and Antonio Pertusa and Jose-Maria Salinas and María de la Iglesia-Vayá},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Medical Image Analysis},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2020.101797},
  note = {本轮以出版社正式摘要、PubMed元数据和BIMCV官方项目页交叉核验；未用二次镜像补写方法细节，人工与自动标签比例及本体规模按作者资料陈述。},
  doi = {10.1016/j.media.2020.101797}
}

@misc{mimic-cxr-2019,
  title = {MIMIC-CXR, a de-identified publicly available database of chest radiographs with free-text reports},
  author = {Alistair E. W. Johnson and Tom J. Pollard and Seth J. Berkowitz and Nathaniel R. Greenbaum and Matthew P. Lungren and Chih-ying Deng and Roger G. Mark and Steven Horng},
  year = {2019},
  howpublished = {Scientific Data},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-019-0322-0},
  note = {依据Scientific Data开放全文、PhysioNet项目和MIT-LCP官方代码；数据规模按论文版本记录，访问与去标识边界按Usage Notes披露。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-019-0322-0}
}

@misc{chestxray8-2017,
  title = {ChestX-ray8: Hospital-Scale Chest X-Ray Database and Benchmarks on Weakly-Supervised Classification and Localization of Common Thorax Diseases},
  author = {Xiaosong Wang and Yifan Peng and Le Lu and Zhiyong Lu and Mohammadhadi Bagheri and Ronald M. Summers},
  year = {2017},
  howpublished = {IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
  url = {https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content\_cvpr\_2017/html/Wang\_ChestX-ray8\_Hospital-Scale\_Chest\_CVPR\_2017\_paper.html},
  note = {以CVF正式全文和DOI为主入口；规模与八类标签严格按2017年ChestX-ray8论文记录，官方数据页现行ChestX-ray14版本仅作为数据入口，不混写版本数字。},
  doi = {10.1109/CVPR.2017.369}
}

@misc{chexpert-2019,
  title = {CheXpert: A Large Chest Radiograph Dataset with Uncertainty Labels and Expert Comparison},
  author = {Jeremy Irvin and Pranav Rajpurkar and Michael Ko and Yifan Yu and Silviana Ciurea-Ilcus and Chris Chute and Henrik Marklund and Behzad Haghgoo and Robyn Ball and Katie Shpanskaya and Jayne Seekins and David A. Mong and Safwan S. Halabi and Jesse K. Sandberg and Ricky Jones and David B. Larson and Curtis P. Langlotz and Bhavik N. Patel and Matthew P. Lungren and Andrew Y. Ng},
  year = {2019},
  howpublished = {AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/3834},
  note = {依据AAAI正式论文页、全文和Stanford官方数据页；专家比较结论保留病种、参考标准和操作点边界，不扩写为普遍临床优越性。},
  doi = {10.1609/aaai.v33i01.3301590}
}

@article{lu-mortality-2019,
  title = {Deep Learning to Assess Long-term Mortality From Chest Radiographs},
  author = {Michael T. Lu and Alexander Ivanov and Thomas Mayrhofer and Ahmed Hosny and Hugo J. W. L. Aerts and Udo Hoffmann},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {JAMA Network Open},
  url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2738349},
  note = {依据JAMA Network Open正式全文与补充材料；只陈述外部队列中的预后关联和调整分析，不把风险分数表述为可干预因果因素或已证明的临床效益。},
  doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.7416}
}

@article{taylor-pneumothorax-2018,
  title = {Automated detection of moderate and large pneumothorax on frontal chest X-rays using deep convolutional neural networks: A retrospective study},
  author = {Andrew G. Taylor and Christopher Mielke and John Mongan},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {PLOS Medicine},
  url = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6245672/},
  note = {依据PLOS Medicine的PMC正式全文；外部性能变化与局限按作者定义陈述，不把NIH测试称为同质参考标准，也不掩盖按检查拆分的潜在泄漏。},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1002697}
}

@article{majkowska-cxr-2020,
  title = {Chest Radiograph Interpretation with Deep Learning Models: Assessment with Radiologist-adjudicated Reference Standards and Population-adjusted Evaluation},
  author = {Anna Majkowska and Sid Mittal and David F. Steiner and Joshua J. Reicher and Scott Mayer McKinney and Gavin E. Duggan and Krish Eswaran and Po-Hsuan Cameron Chen and Yun Liu and Sreenivasa Raju Kalidindi and Alexander Ding and Greg S. Corrado and Daniel Tse and Shravya Shetty},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Radiology},
  url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31793848/},
  note = {依据PubMed正式摘要、DOI和出版社元数据；本轮未取得开放全文，故不写入摘要未支持的具体性能数值，裁决和人群校正只按官方方法摘要陈述。},
  doi = {10.1148/radiol.2019191293}
}

@misc{vindr-cxr-2022,
  title = {VinDr-CXR: An open dataset of chest X-rays with radiologist's annotations},
  author = {Ha Q. Nguyen and Khanh Lam and Linh T. Le and Hieu H. Pham and Dat Q. Tran and Dung B. Nguyen and Dung D. Le and Chi M. Pham and Hang T. T. Tong and Diep H. Dinh and Cuong D. Do and Luu T. Doan and Cuong N. Nguyen and Binh T. Nguyen and Que V. Nguyen and Au D. Hoang and Hien N. Phan and Anh T. Nguyen and Phuong H. Ho and Dat T. Ngo and Nghia T. Nguyen and Nhan T. Nguyen and Minh Dao and Van Vu},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Scientific Data},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01498-w},
  note = {依据Scientific Data开放全文、PhysioNet数据DOI和作者代码；两院与多读者描述不被提升为算法外部验证，训练集独立读者标签也不称作共识。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01498-w}
}

@misc{chest-imagenome-2021,
  title = {Chest ImaGenome Dataset for Clinical Reasoning},
  author = {Joy T. Wu and Nkechinyere N. Agu and Ismini Lourentzou and Arjun Sharma and Joseph A. Paguio and Jasper S. Yao and Edward C. Dee and William Mitchell and Satyananda Kashyap and Andrea Giovannini and Leo A. Celi and Mehdi Moradi},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {NeurIPS 2021 Datasets and Benchmarks Track},
  url = {https://datasets-benchmarks-proceedings.neurips.cc/paper\_files/paper/2021/hash/17e62166fc8586dfa4d1bc0e1742c08b-Abstract-round2.html},
  note = {以NeurIPS Datasets and Benchmarks正式论文及PhysioNet 1.0.0项目为一手来源；论文出版状态与数据DOI分开记录，自动银标和五百患者人工金标准不混称。},
  doi = {10.13026/wv01-y230}
}

@misc{chexmask-2024,
  title = {CheXmask: a large-scale dataset of anatomical segmentation masks for multi-center chest x-ray images},
  author = {Nicolás Gaggion and Candelaria Mosquera and Lucas Mansilla and Julia Mariel Saidman and Martina Aineseder and Diego H. Milone and Enzo Ferrante},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {Scientific Data},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-024-03358-1},
  note = {依据Scientific Data全文和作者代码库；所有大规模掩膜均称为模型生成伪掩膜，医师评估和RCA仅作为技术验证，不写成逐图人工真值。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-024-03358-1}
}

@article{miura-factuality-2021,
  title = {Improving Factual Completeness and Consistency of Image-to-Text Radiology Report Generation},
  author = {Yasuhide Miura and Yuhao Zhang and Emily Tsai and Curtis P. Langlotz and Dan Jurafsky},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL-HLT)},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2021.naacl-main.416/},
  note = {依据ACL Anthology正式论文页和PDF；临床信息抽取F1增益按论文口径记录，人工评价不提升为外部验证或真实工作流收益。},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2021.naacl-main.416}
}

@misc{radgraph-2021,
  title = {RadGraph: Extracting Clinical Entities and Relations from Radiology Reports},
  author = {Saahil Jain and Ashwin Agrawal and Adriel Saporta and Steven Q. H. Truong and Du Nguyen Duong and Tan Bui and Pierre Chambon and Yuhao Zhang and Matthew P. Lungren and Andrew Y. Ng and Curtis P. Langlotz and Pranav Rajpurkar},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track},
  url = {https://datasets-benchmarks-proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2021/hash/c8ffe9a587b126f152ed3d89a146b445-Abstract-round1.html},
  note = {依据NeurIPS Datasets and Benchmarks正式论文及PhysioNet官方版本页；正式论文与PhysioNet数据发布作为同一工作族入口，专家金标与模型银标严格分开。}
}

@article{chexbert-2020,
  title = {Combining Automatic Labelers and Expert Annotations for Accurate Radiology Report Labeling Using BERT},
  author = {Akshay Smit and Saahil Jain and Pranav Rajpurkar and Anuj Pareek and Andrew Y. Ng and Matthew P. Lungren},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.117/},
  note = {依据ACL Anthology正式论文与作者代码；不把十四项报告标签的一致性写成完整报告事实正确性，也不把规则伪标签称为专家真值。},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.117}
}

@article{r2gen-2020,
  title = {Generating Radiology Reports via Memory-driven Transformer},
  author = {Zhihong Chen and Yan Song and Tsung-Hui Chang and Xiang Wan},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.112/},
  note = {依据ACL Anthology正式论文页、正式PDF和作者代码；只计2020年EMNLP正式版本，结果限定为IU X-Ray与MIMIC-CXR内部基准，不提升为跨院或临床证据。},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.112}
}

@article{x-rem-2024,
  title = {Multimodal Image-Text Matching Improves Retrieval-based Chest X-Ray Report Generation},
  author = {Jaehwan Jeong and Katherine Tian and Andrew Li and Sina Hartung and Subathra Adithan and Fardad Behzadi and Juan Calle and David Osayande and Michael Pohlen and Pranav Rajpurkar},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Medical Imaging with Deep Learning (PMLR 227)},
  url = {https://proceedings.mlr.press/v227/jeong24a.html},
  note = {依据PMLR 227正式论文页、PDF和作者代码；专家错误评价支撑E3，但样本与语料边界不允许外推为真实部署安全性。}
}

@misc{radcliq-rexval-2023,
  title = {Evaluating Progress in Automatic Chest X-Ray Radiology Report Generation},
  author = {Feiyang Yu and Mark Endo and Rayan Krishnan and Ian Pan and Andy Tsai and Eduardo Pontes Reis and Eduardo Kaiser Ururahy Nunes Fonseca and Henrique Min Ho Lee and Zahra Shakeri Hossein Abad and Andrew Y. Ng and Curtis P. Langlotz and Vasantha Kumar Venugopal and Pranav Rajpurkar},
  year = {2023},
  howpublished = {Patterns},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2023.100802},
  note = {依据Patterns正式开放全文、DOI、PubMed/PMC和PhysioNet伴随数据页；相关性结论限定于ReXVal及所测指标，不称RadCliQ为完整临床真值。},
  doi = {10.1016/j.patter.2023.100802}
}

@article{clear-2026,
  title = {CLEAR: an Auditable Foundation Model for Radiology Grounded in Clinical Concepts},
  author = {Tianyu Han and Riga Wu and Yu Tian and Firas Khader and Lisa C. Adams and Keno K. Bressem and Christos Davatzikos and Jakob Nikolas Kather and Li Shen and David A. Mankoff and Eduardo Mortani Barbosa Jr. and Daniel Truhn},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Nature Biomedical Engineering},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41551-026-01741-4},
  note = {依据Nature Biomedical Engineering开放全文、PubMed和作者官方代码；外部数据支撑E2，概念审计不自动提升为人机比较或部署证据，作者代码亦明确非医疗器械。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41551-026-01741-4}
}

@article{ark-plus-2025,
  title = {A Fully Open AI Foundation Model Applied to Chest Radiography},
  author = {DongAo Ma and Jiaxuan Pang and Michael B. Gotway and Jianming Liang},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Nature},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09079-8},
  note = {依据Nature正式论文页、PubMed、扩展数据说明和作者代码；正文订阅边界内不补写未核验的细分性能数字，Ark与Ark+按工作族去重。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-025-09079-8}
}

@article{eva-x-2025,
  title = {EVA-X: a foundation model for general chest x-ray analysis with self-supervised learning},
  author = {Jingfeng Yao and Xinggang Wang and Yuehao Song and Huangxuan Zhao and Jun Ma and Yajie Chen and Wenyu Liu and Bo Wang},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {npj Digital Medicine},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02032-z},
  note = {依据npj Digital Medicine开放全文和作者代码；保留作者在公开基准上的结果，但将其证据阶段锁定为E2，不把多数据集基准或少样本优势写成真实临床部署。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41746-025-02032-z}
}

@article{convirt-2022,
  title = {Contrastive Learning of Medical Visual Representations from Paired Images and Text},
  author = {Yuhao Zhang and Hang Jiang and Yasuhide Miura and Christopher D. Manning and Curtis P. Langlotz},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Machine Learning for Healthcare Conference (PMLR 182)},
  url = {https://proceedings.mlr.press/v182/zhang22a.html},
  note = {依据PMLR 182正式论文页和PDF；预印本只用于版本溯源，不单独计数，也不把多任务迁移写成通用临床基础模型已经成立。}
}

@article{biovil-2022,
  title = {Making the Most of Text Semantics to Improve Biomedical Vision-Language Processing},
  author = {Benedikt Boecking and Naoto Usuyama and Shruthi Bannur and Daniel C. Castro and Anton Schwaighofer and Stephanie Hyland and Maria Wetscherek and Tristan Naumann and Aditya Nori and Javier Alvarez-Valle and Hoifung Poon and Ozan Oktay},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)},
  url = {https://www.ecva.net/papers/eccv\_2022/papers\_ECCV/html/1557\_ECCV\_2022\_paper.php},
  note = {依据ECCV/ECVA正式论文、Springer DOI和Microsoft官方代码；定位数值按正式论文表格记录，热图能力不扩写为临床可解释性。},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-20059-5\_1}
}

@article{llava-rad-2025,
  title = {A Clinically Accessible Small Multimodal Radiology Model and Evaluation Metric for Chest X-ray Findings},
  author = {Juan Manuel Zambrano Chaves and Shih-Cheng Huang and Yanbo Xu and Hanwen Xu and Naoto Usuyama and Sheng Zhang and Fei Wang and Yujia Xie and Mahmoud Khademi and Ziyi Yang and Hany Awadalla and Julia Gong and Houdong Hu and Jianwei Yang and Chunyuan Li and Jianfeng Gao and Yu Gu and Cliff Wong and Mu Wei and Tristan Naumann and Muhao Chen and Matthew P. Lungren and Akshay Chaudhari and Serena Yeung-Levy and Curtis P. Langlotz and Sheng Wang and Hoifung Poon},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-58344-x},
  note = {依据Nature Communications开放全文、源数据、永久代码版本和CheXprompt代码；E3来自专家标注指标校准，不把外部回顾性基准称为真实临床部署。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-58344-x}
}

@article{kad-2023,
  title = {Knowledge-enhanced Visual-Language Pre-training on Chest Radiology Images},
  author = {Xiaoman Zhang and Chaoyi Wu and Ya Zhang and Weidi Xie and Yanfeng Wang},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-40260-7},
  note = {依据Nature Communications开放全文、源数据和作者代码；四数据集记为外部回顾性验证，专家比较严格限定于CheXpert五项病变，不表述为通用临床优越性。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-023-40260-7}
}

@article{chexzero-2022,
  title = {Expert-level Detection of Pathologies from Unannotated Chest X-ray Images via Self-supervised Learning},
  author = {Ekin Tiu and Ellie Talius and Pujan Patel and Curtis P. Langlotz and Andrew Y. Ng and Pranav Rajpurkar},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Nature Biomedical Engineering},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41551-022-00936-9},
  note = {依据Nature Biomedical Engineering开放全文、源数据和作者代码；专家水平表述严格限定于CheXpert五项任务的平均统计比较，不扩写为全面替代放射科医师。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41551-022-00936-9}
}

@article{worodria-tb-cad-2026,
  title = {A multi-country head-to-head accuracy comparison of automated chest X-ray algorithms for tuberculosis},
  author = {William Worodria and Robert Castro and Sandra V. Kik and Victoria Dalay and Brigitta Derendinger and Charles Festo and Thanh Quoc Nguyen and Mihaja Raberahona and Swati Sudarsan and Alfred Andama and Balamugesh Thangakunam and Issa Lyimo and Viet Nhung Nguyen and Rivo Rakotoarivelo and Grant Theron and Charles Yu and Claudia M. Denkinger and Simon Grandjean Lapierre and Adithya Cattamanchi and Devasahayam J. Christopher and Devan Jaganath and R2D2 TB Network},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Annals of the American Thoracic Society},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/annalsats/aaoag011},
  note = {以2026年期刊正式版和PubMed更新记录为主；厂商免费提供软件但未参与设计、收集、分析、发表决定或写作。预印本数字不得与正式版混写。},
  doi = {10.1093/annalsats/aaoag011}
}

@article{togunwa-pediatric-nigeria-2025,
  title = {Detection of pneumonia in children through chest radiographs using artificial intelligence in a low-resource setting: A pilot study},
  author = {Taofeeq Oluwatosin Togunwa and Abdulhammed Opeyemi Babatunde and Oluwatosin Ebunoluwa Fatade and Richard Olatunji and Godwin Ogbole and Adegoke Falade},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {PLOS Digital Health},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000713},
  note = {依据PLOS Digital Health正式论文、PubMed和PMC；正式版优先于medRxiv预印本，证据支持跨域失效，不支持将小样本试点解释为模型已适合低资源部署。},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pdig.0000713}
}

@article{gpt4v-cannot-report-2025,
  title = {GPT-4V Cannot Generate Radiology Reports Yet},
  author = {Yuyang Jiang and Chacha Chen and Dang Nguyen and Benjamin M. Mervak and Chenhao Tan},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-naacl.113/},
  note = {依据ACL Anthology正式论文页、PDF和DOI；结论明确绑定所测模型版本、提示和三套公开基准，不外推到所有后续GPT版本或所有医学影像任务。},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2025.findings-naacl.113}
}

@article{liu-scalable-cxr-2024,
  title = {Development and External Validation of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Method for Scalable Chest Radiograph Diagnosis: A Multi-Country Cross-Sectional Study},
  author = {Zeye Liu and Jing Xu and Chengliang Yin and Guojing Han and Yue Che and Ge Fan and Xiaofei Li and Lixin Xie and Lei Bao and Zimin Peng and Jinduo Wang and Yan Chen and Fengwen Zhang and Wenbin Ouyang and Shouzheng Wang and Junwei Guo and Yanqiu Ma and Xiangzhi Meng and Taibing Fan and Aihua Zhi and Dawaciren and Kang Yi and Tao You and Yuejin Yang and Jue Liu and Yi Shi and Yuan Huang and Xiangbin Pan},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Research},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.34133/research.0426},
  note = {以Research正式论文、DOI、PubMed与PMC全文为主入口。论文的26病种高平均AUROC属于多源回顾性评价，不写成通用诊断、持续学习、全面公平或临床获益证据。},
  doi = {10.34133/research.0426}
}

@article{yang-fair-generalization-2024,
  title = {The limits of fair medical imaging AI in real-world generalization},
  author = {Yuzhe Yang and Haoran Zhang and Judy W. Gichoya and Dina Katabi and Marzyeh Ghassemi},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Nature Medicine},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03113-4},
  note = {依据Nature Medicine正式开放全文、DOI、PubMed和PMC；研究支持域外公平不可由域内结果保证，不支持把任何单一去偏算法宣称为普适方案。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41591-024-03113-4}
}

@article{gichoya-race-2022,
  title = {AI recognition of patient race in medical imaging: a modelling study},
  author = {Judy Wawira Gichoya and Imon Banerjee and Ananth Reddy Bhimireddy and John L. Burns and Leo Anthony Celi and Li-Ching Chen and Ramon Correa and Natalie Dullerud and Marzyeh Ghassemi and Shih-Cheng Huang and Po-Chih Kuo and Matthew P. Lungren and Lyle J. Palmer and Brandon J. Price and Saptarshi Purkayastha and Ayis T. Pyrros and Lauren Oakden-Rayner and Chima Okechukwu and Laleh Seyyed-Kalantari and Hari Trivedi and Ryan Wang and Zachary Zaiman and Haoran Zhang},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {The Lancet Digital Health},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(22)00063-2},
  note = {依据The Lancet Digital Health正式开放全文、PubMed与PMC；记录区分敏感属性可预测性、疾病模型公平差异和真实患者伤害三个层级。},
  doi = {10.1016/S2589-7500(22)00063-2}
}

@article{degrave-shortcuts-2021,
  title = {AI for radiographic COVID-19 detection selects shortcuts over signal},
  author = {Alex J. DeGrave and Joseph D. Janizek and Su-In Lee},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Nature Machine Intelligence},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00338-7},
  note = {主引Nature Machine Intelligence正式DOI；PMC页面用于核对预印本全文和版本关系，不把预印本PMID或PMCID误配给正式论文。},
  doi = {10.1038/s42256-021-00338-7}
}

@misc{roberts-covid-review-2021,
  title = {Common pitfalls and recommendations for using machine learning to detect and prognosticate for COVID-19 using chest radiographs and CT scans},
  author = {Michael Roberts and Derek Driggs and Matthew Thorpe and Julian Gilbey and Michael Yeung and Stephan Ursprung and Angelica I. Aviles-Rivero and Christian Etmann and Cathal McCague and Lucian Beer and Jonathan R. Weir-McCall and Zhongzhao Teng and Effrossyni Gkrania-Klotsas and AIX-COVNET and James H. F. Rudd and Evis Sala and Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Nature Machine Intelligence},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00307-0},
  note = {依据Nature Machine Intelligence正式全文、DOI和机构开放版本；结论限定于既定检索期内的早期新冠影像模型。},
  doi = {10.1038/s42256-021-00307-0}
}

@article{seyyed-underdiagnosis-2021,
  title = {Underdiagnosis bias of artificial intelligence algorithms applied to chest radiographs in under-served patient populations},
  author = {Laleh Seyyed-Kalantari and Haoran Zhang and Matthew B. A. McDermott and Irene Y. Chen and Marzyeh Ghassemi},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Nature Medicine},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01595-0},
  note = {依据Nature Medicine正式开放全文、PubMed和PMC；漏诊偏倚是模型错误差异，不等同已观察到的患者伤害或有意种族使用。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41591-021-01595-0}
}

@article{hwang-recalibration-2020,
  title = {Automated identification of chest radiographs with referable abnormality with deep learning: need for recalibration},
  author = {Eui Jin Hwang and Hyungjin Kim and Jong Hyuk Lee and Jin Mo Goo and Chang Min Park},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {European Radiology},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07062-7},
  note = {以European Radiology正式元数据和PubMed结构化摘要核验；精确数字均来自摘要。未取得完整正文深读，因此不外推具体重校准方法的优先级。},
  doi = {10.1007/s00330-020-07062-7}
}

@article{oakden-hidden-stratification-2020,
  title = {Hidden Stratification Causes Clinically Meaningful Failures in Machine Learning for Medical Imaging},
  author = {Luke Oakden-Rayner and Jared Dunnmon and Gustavo Carneiro and Christopher Ré},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Health, Inference, and Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3368555.3384468},
  note = {依据ACM正式会议论文、DOI、PubMed与PMC；该研究建立的是子组审计要求，不能把聚类结果直接当成新的疾病实体或患者结局证据。},
  doi = {10.1145/3368555.3384468}
}

@article{zech-generalization-2018,
  title = {Variable generalization performance of a deep learning model to detect pneumonia in chest radiographs: A cross-sectional study},
  author = {John R. Zech and Marcus A. Badgeley and Manway Liu and Anthony B. Costa and Joseph J. Titano and Eric Karl Oermann},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {PLOS Medicine},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002683},
  note = {依据PLOS Medicine正式开放全文、DOI与PMC；模型能识别医院来源是域混杂证据，不写成对特定人口属性的因果归因。},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1002683}
}

@misc{chexlocalize-2022,
  title = {Benchmarking saliency methods for chest X-ray interpretation},
  author = {Adriel Saporta and Xiaotong Gui and Ashwin Agrawal and Anuj Pareek and Steven Q. H. Truong and Chanh D. T. Nguyen and Van-Doan Ngo and Jayne Seekins and Francis G. Blankenberg and Andrew Y. Ng and Matthew P. Lungren and Pranav Rajpurkar},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Nature Machine Intelligence},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-022-00536-x},
  note = {依据Nature Machine Intelligence开放全文；CheXlocalize是论文发布的专家分割开发集。负面结论限定于所测七种显著方法、三种架构和CheXpert样本，不外推到所有可解释方法。},
  doi = {10.1038/s42256-022-00536-x}
}

@article{storey-silent-trial-2026,
  title = {AI Triage of Normal Chest Radiographs: A Silent Trial and Failure Analysis},
  author = {Mathew Storey and Anthony Chung and Jack Packer and Ann-Marie Bartsch and Anita Rhodes and Rafal Colta and Simon Rickaby and Christina Malamateniou and Geraldine Dean and Susan Shelmerdine},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Radiology: Artificial Intelligence},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1148/ryai.250964},
  note = {依据Radiology: Artificial Intelligence正式论文元数据与PubMed摘要；这是E3前瞻静默证据，不是自主正常片放行或患者结局证据。},
  doi = {10.1148/ryai.250964}
}

@article{flamingo-cxr-2025,
  title = {Collaboration between Clinicians and Vision–Language Models in Radiology Report Generation},
  author = {Ryutaro Tanno and David G. T. Barrett and Andrew Sellergren and Sumedh Ghaisas and Sumanth Dathathri and Abigail See and Johannes Welbl and Charles Lau and Tao Tu and Shekoofeh Azizi and Karan Singhal and Mike Schaekermann and Rhys May and Roy Lee and SiWai Man and Sara Mahdavi and Zahra Ahmed and Yossi Matias and Joelle Barral and S. M. Ali Eslami and Danielle Belgrave and Yun Liu and Sreenivasa Raju Kalidindi and Shravya Shetty and Vivek Natarajan and Pushmeet Kohli and Po-Sen Huang and Alan Karthikesalingam and Ira Ktena},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Nature Medicine},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03302-1},
  note = {依据Nature Medicine正式开放全文、源数据说明和DOI；专家研究支撑E3，在线年份与正式卷年已分开记录，专有数据和组件边界明确保留。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41591-024-03302-1}
}

@article{yu-human-ai-2024,
  title = {Heterogeneity and predictors of the effects of AI assistance on radiologists},
  author = {Feiyang Yu and Alex Moehring and Oishi Banerjee and Tobias Salz and Nikhil Agarwal and Pranav Rajpurkar},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Nature Medicine},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02850-w},
  note = {依据Nature Medicine正式开放全文、DOI、PubMed与PMC；证据支持辅助效应异质和错误建议风险，不支持按年资简单决定是否使用人工智能。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41591-024-02850-w}
}

@article{annarumma-triage-2019,
  title = {Automated Triaging of Adult Chest Radiographs with Deep Artificial Neural Networks},
  author = {Mattia Annarumma and Samuel J. Withey and Robert J. Bakewell and Enzo Pesce and Vicky Goh and Giovanni Montana},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Radiology},
  url = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438359/},
  note = {依据Radiology的PMC正式全文和作者代码；结果明确写作独立时间段上的队列模拟，不称为真实上线、前瞻部署或患者获益。},
  doi = {10.1148/radiol.2018180921}
}

@article{janus-pro-cxr-2026,
  title = {A DeepSeek-powered AI System for Automated Chest Radiograph Interpretation in Clinical Practice},
  author = {Yaowei Bai and Ruiheng Zhang and Yu Lei and Xuhua Duan and Jingfeng Yao and Shuguang Ju and Chaoyang Wang and Wei Yao and Yiwan Guo and Guilin Zhang and Chao Wan and Qian Yuan and Lei Chen and Wenjuan Tang and Biqiang Zhu and Xinggang Wang and Tao Sun and Wei Zhou and Dacheng Tao and Yongchao Xu and Chuansheng Zheng and Huangxuan Zhao and Bo Du},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-72680-6},
  note = {依据Nature Communications正式开放全文、正式补充材料、Figshare数据和作者代码；预印本旧标题、旧作者表与旧注册号不混入，E4仅来自正式文中三院前瞻协作。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-72680-6}
}

@article{lungimpact-2026,
  title = {AI-based chest X-ray prioritization in the lung cancer diagnostic pathway: the LungIMPACT randomized controlled trial},
  author = {Nick Woznitza and Lesley Smith and Janette Rawlinson and Iain Au-Yong and Bindu George and Madava G. Djearaman and Arjun Nair and Richard W. Lee and Neal Navani and Siyabonga Ndwandwe and Caroline S. Clarke and Andrew Creeden and Josh Newsome and Indrajeet Das and Sylvia Abaokporo and Richard Tucker and James Hathorn and David R. Baldwin},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Nature Medicine},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-026-04253-5},
  note = {依据Nature Medicine正式开放全文、DOI、PubMed、PMC和ISRCTN注册；正式结果主引一次，注册仅作方案核验，阴性结论限定于随机化的工作列表优先级策略。},
  doi = {10.1038/s41591-026-04253-5}
}

@misc{who-tb-cad-policy-2025,
  title = {Use of computer-aided detection software for tuberculosis screening: WHO policy statement},
  author = {World Health Organization},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {World Health Organization},
  url = {https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240110373},
  note = {依据世界卫生组织2025年6月10日正式政策声明及官方出版页；官方采用属于E4，但不能替代具体国家的本地验证、患者结局和动态产品版本核查。}
}

@article{nam-nodule-rct-2023,
  title = {AI Improves Nodule Detection on Chest Radiographs in a Health Screening Population: A Randomized Controlled Trial},
  author = {Ju Gang Nam and Eui Jin Hwang and Jayoun Kim and Nanhee Park and Eun Hee Lee and Hyun Jin Kim and Miyeon Nam and Jong Hyuk Lee and Chang Min Park and Jin Mo Goo},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Radiology},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.221894},
  note = {依据Radiology正式论文、PubMed及2026年正式勘误；主要试验只计一次，并显式保留勘误，不把结节检出增加等同于死亡率改善。},
  doi = {10.1148/radiol.221894}
}

@article{hwang-emergency-rct-2023,
  title = {Conventional Versus Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Interpretation of Chest Radiographs in Patients With Acute Respiratory Symptoms in Emergency Department: A Pragmatic Randomized Clinical Trial},
  author = {Eui Jin Hwang and Jin Mo Goo and Ju Gang Nam and Chang Min Park and Ki Jeong Hong and Ki Hong Kim},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Korean Journal of Radiology},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2022.0651},
  note = {依据Korean Journal of Radiology正式开放全文、DOI、PubMed和PMC；记录保留阴性主要结局，不以模型单独性能替代随机组间结果。},
  doi = {10.3348/kjr.2022.0651}
}

@article{jones-real-world-2021,
  title = {Assessment of the effect of a comprehensive chest radiograph deep learning model on radiologist reports and patient outcomes: a real-world observational study},
  author = {Catherine M. Jones and Luke Danaher and Michael R. Milne and Cyril Tang and Jarrel Seah and Luke Oakden-Rayner and Andrew Johnson and Quinlan D. Buchlak and Nazanin Esmaili},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {BMJ Open},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052902},
  note = {依据BMJ Open正式开放全文、DOI、PubMed和PMC；E4表示真实前瞻部署证据，并不自动表示因果强度达到随机试验。},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052902}
}